{"id":41186,"date":"2025-10-14T14:05:43","date_gmt":"2025-10-14T14:05:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/certifeka-edu.com\/programs\/research-for-strategic-development-professional-certificate-2\/lessons\/lesson-2-types-of-ethical-issues-2\/"},"modified":"2025-10-14T14:05:43","modified_gmt":"2025-10-14T14:05:43","slug":"lesson-2-types-of-ethical-issues-2","status":"publish","type":"lesson","link":"https:\/\/certifeka-edu.com\/ar\/programs\/sample-course\/lessons\/lesson-2-types-of-ethical-issues-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Lesson 2: Types of ethical issues"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n

Lesson 2: Business Objectives For Project Proposals
\n<\/h2>\n

Types of ethical issues
\n<\/h3>\n

There are several ethical issues you should always pay attention to in your research design, and these issues can overlap with each other.<\/h5>\n

\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\n\t\t\t\t\t Voluntary Participation
\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>
\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n
Voluntary participation means that all research subjects are free to choose to participate without any pressure or coercion.<\/h5>\n
All participants are able to withdraw from, or leave, the study at any point without feeling an obligation to continue.<\/h5>\n
Your participants don’t need to provide a reason for leaving the study.
It’s important to make it clear to participants that there are no negative consequences or repercussions to their refusal to participate.<\/h5>\n
After all, they’re taking the time to help you in the research process, so you should respect their decisions without trying to change their minds.<\/h5>\n
Example of voluntary participation When recruiting participants for an experiment, you inform all potential participants that they are free to choose whether they want to participate, and they can withdraw from the study anytime without any negative repercussions.<\/h5>\n<\/details>\n
\n\n\t\t\t\t\t Informed Consent
\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>
\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n
Informed consent is a process whereby individuals are provided with all necessary information to make an informed decision about whether or not to participate in a study. This includes details about the study’s purpose, potential risks and benefits, funding sources, and institutional approval.<\/h5>\n
This includes details about the study’s purpose, potential risks and benefits, funding sources, and institutional approval.<\/h5>\n
Example of informed consent<\/h5>\n
You recruit participants outside a train station for a quick survey.
You would ensure that all potential participants are provided with comprehensive information about the study.<\/h5>\n
This would include informing them about the study’s purpose, the potential risks and benefits of participation, the expected duration of the study, and the contact information for your supervisor and the institutional approval number.
You would also emphasise that all data collected would be kept confidential, and participants are free to withdraw their participation at any time for any reason.<\/h5>\n
You would make it clear that they could withdraw their information by contacting you or your supervisor. By providing such information, you enable individuals to make informed decisions about their participation in the study while also upholding ethical principles.<\/h5>\n<\/details>\n
\n\n\t\t\t\t\t Anonymity
\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>
\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n
Anonymity means that you don’t know who the participants are and you can’t link any individual participant to their data.<\/h5>\n
You can only guarantee anonymity by not collecting any personally identifying information<\/h5>\n
for example, names, phone numbers, email addresses, IP addresses, physical characteristics, photos, and videos.
In many cases, it may be impossible to truly anonymize data collection.<\/h5>\n
For example, data collected in person or by phone cannot be considered fully anonymous because some personal identifiers (demographic information or phone numbers) are impossible to hide.
You’ll also need to collect some identifying information if you give your participants the option to withdraw their data at a later stage.<\/h5>\n<\/details>\n
\n\n\t\t\t\t\t Confidentiality
\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>
\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n
Confidentiality means that you know who the participants are, but you remove all identifying information from your report.<\/h5>\n
All participants have a right to privacy, so you should protect their personal data for as long as you store or use it.<\/h5>\n
Even when you can’t collect data anonymously, you should secure confidentiality whenever you can.<\/h5>\n
Example of confidentiality<\/h5>\n
To keep your data confidential, you take steps to safeguard it and prevent any threats to data privacy.<\/h5>\n
You store all signed consent forms in a locked file drawer, and you password-protect all files with survey data.
Only other researchers approved by the IRB are allowed to access the study data, and you make sure that everyone knows and follows your institution’s data privacy protocols.<\/h5>\n<\/details>\n
\n\n\t\t\t\t\t Potential for Harm
\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>
\n\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n
Potential for harm As a researcher, you have to consider all possible sources of harm to participants. Harm can come in many different forms.<\/h5>\n
    \n
  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPsychological harm: Sensitive questions or tasks may trigger negative emotions such as shame or anxiety.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSocial harm Participation can involve social risks, public embarrassment, or stigma\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPhysical harm Pain or injury can result from the study procedures.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLegal harm Reporting sensitive data could lead to legal risks or a breach of privacy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    It’s best to consider every possible source of harm in your study as well as concrete ways to mitigate them.<\/h5>\n
    Involve your supervisor to discuss steps for harm reduction.
    Make sure to disclose all possible risks of harm to participants before the study to get informed consent.<\/h5>\n
    If there is a risk of harm, prepare to provide participants with resources or counseling or medical services if needed.<\/h5>\n
    Example of potential for harm In a study on stress, you survey college students on their alcohol consumption habits.<\/h5>\n
    Some of these questions may bring up negative emotions, so you inform participants about the sensitive nature of the survey and assure them that their responses will be confidential.
    You also provide participants with information about student counseling services and information about managing alcohol use after the survey is complete.<\/h5>\n<\/details>\n
    Voluntary participation means that all research subjects are free to choose to participate without any pressure or coercion.<\/h5>\n
    All participants are able to withdraw from, or leave, the study at any point without feeling an obligation to continue.<\/h5>\n
    Your participants don’t need to provide a reason for leaving the study.
    It’s important to make it clear to participants that there are no negative consequences or repercussions to their refusal to participate.<\/h5>\n
    After all, they’re taking the time to help you in the research process, so you should respect their decisions without trying to change their minds.<\/h5>\n
    Example of voluntary participation When recruiting participants for an experiment, you inform all potential participants that they are free to choose whether they want to participate, and they can withdraw from the study anytime without any negative repercussions.<\/h5>\n
    Informed consent is a process whereby individuals are provided with all necessary information to make an informed decision about whether or not to participate in a study. This includes details about the study’s purpose, potential risks and benefits, funding sources, and institutional approval.<\/h5>\n
    This includes details about the study’s purpose, potential risks and benefits, funding sources, and institutional approval.<\/h5>\n
    Example of informed consent<\/h5>\n
    You recruit participants outside a train station for a quick survey.
    You would ensure that all potential participants are provided with comprehensive information about the study.<\/h5>\n
    This would include informing them about the study’s purpose, the potential risks and benefits of participation, the expected duration of the study, and the contact information for your supervisor and the institutional approval number.
    You would also emphasise that all data collected would be kept confidential, and participants are free to withdraw their participation at any time for any reason.<\/h5>\n
    You would make it clear that they could withdraw their information by contacting you or your supervisor. By providing such information, you enable individuals to make informed decisions about their participation in the study while also upholding ethical principles.<\/h5>\n
    Anonymity means that you don’t know who the participants are and you can’t link any individual participant to their data.<\/h5>\n
    You can only guarantee anonymity by not collecting any personally identifying information<\/h5>\n
    for example, names, phone numbers, email addresses, IP addresses, physical characteristics, photos, and videos.
    In many cases, it may be impossible to truly anonymize data collection.<\/h5>\n
    For example, data collected in person or by phone cannot be considered fully anonymous because some personal identifiers (demographic information or phone numbers) are impossible to hide.
    You’ll also need to collect some identifying information if you give your participants the option to withdraw their data at a later stage.<\/h5>\n
    Confidentiality means that you know who the participants are, but you remove all identifying information from your report.<\/h5>\n
    All participants have a right to privacy, so you should protect their personal data for as long as you store or use it.<\/h5>\n
    Even when you can’t collect data anonymously, you should secure confidentiality whenever you can.<\/h5>\n
    Example of confidentiality<\/h5>\n
    To keep your data confidential, you take steps to safeguard it and prevent any threats to data privacy.<\/h5>\n
    You store all signed consent forms in a locked file drawer, and you password-protect all files with survey data.
    Only other researchers approved by the IRB are allowed to access the study data, and you make sure that everyone knows and follows your institution’s data privacy protocols.<\/h5>\n
    Potential for harm As a researcher, you have to consider all possible sources of harm to participants. Harm can come in many different forms.<\/h5>\n
      \n
    • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>
      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPsychological harm: Sensitive questions or tasks may trigger negative emotions such as shame or anxiety.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>
      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSocial harm Participation can involve social risks, public embarrassment, or stigma\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>
      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPhysical harm Pain or injury can result from the study procedures.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>
      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLegal harm Reporting sensitive data could lead to legal risks or a breach of privacy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      It’s best to consider every possible source of harm in your study as well as concrete ways to mitigate them.<\/h5>\n
      Involve your supervisor to discuss steps for harm reduction.
      Make sure to disclose all possible risks of harm to participants before the study to get informed consent.<\/h5>\n
      If there is a risk of harm, prepare to provide participants with resources or counseling or medical services if needed.<\/h5>\n
      Example of potential for harm In a study on stress, you survey college students on their alcohol consumption habits.<\/h5>\n
      Some of these questions may bring up negative emotions, so you inform participants about the sensitive nature of the survey and assure them that their responses will be confidential.
      You also provide participants with information about student counseling services and information about managing alcohol use after the survey is complete.<\/h5>","protected":false},"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","class_list":["post-41186","lesson","type-lesson","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nLesson 2: Types of ethical issues - Certifeka-edu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/certifeka-edu.com\/ar\/programs\/sample-course\/lessons\/lesson-2-types-of-ethical-issues-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lesson 2: Types of ethical issues - Certifeka-edu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Lesson 2: Business Objectives For Project Proposals Types of ethical issues There are several ethical issues you should always pay attention to in your research design, and these issues can overlap with each other. 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